Journal
ATLA-ALTERNATIVES TO LABORATORY ANIMALS
Volume 37, Issue 5, Pages 513-521Publisher
FRAME
DOI: 10.1177/026119290903700508
Keywords
alternatives; in chemico; in silico; integrated testing strategy; reactivity; toxicity
Categories
Funding
- Defra through the Sustainable Arable Link Programme
- European Union [MTKD-CT-2006-42328]
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A number of toxic effects are brought about by the covalent interaction between the toxicant and biological macromolecules. In chemico assays are available that attempt to identify reactive compounds. These approaches have been developed independently for pharmaceuticals and for other non-pharmaceutical compounds. The assays vary widely in terms of the macromolecule (typically a peptide) and the analytical technique Utilised. For both sets of methods, there are great opportunities to capture in chemico information by using in silico methods to provide computational tools for screening purposes. In order to use these in chemico and in silico methods, integrated testing strategies are required for individual toxicity endpoints. The potential for the use of these approaches is described, and a number of recommendations to improve this extremely useful technique, in terms of implementing the Three Rs in toxicity testing, are presented.
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