Influences of Beehive Firework Displays on Ambient Fine Particles during the Lantern Festival in the YanShuei Area of Southern Taiwan

This study investigates water-soluble ions in the sized particles (particularly Aitken nuclei mode (dp <= 0.1 mu m, PM0.1)/accumulation mode (0.1 < dp <= 1.0 mu m, PM0.1-1.0)) collected using a MOUDI sampler in the YanShuei area of southern Taiwan during a beehive fireworks display. The results indicate that the PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations (437 mu g/m(3) and 572 mu g/m(3), respectively) at the leeward sampling site are 12.5 and 4.6 times higher than the corresponding national standards of daily mean values (35 and 125 mu g/m(3), respectively) during the beehive fireworks display. Closely examining PM accumulation fractions reveals that the accumulation mode particles dominate in the sized collected particles during the beehive fireworks display. Additionally, the K+ concentrations in PM1.0, PM2.5, and PM2.5-10 are 317, 349, and 249 times higher than those of its background value, while those of Cl- are 91, 64, and 6.9 times greater than those of its background value. For ultrafine particles, the D/B (During the beehive fireworks display/Background) values of particle-bound Cl-, K+, and Mg2+ increase significantly during the beehive fireworks display at the leeward sampling site. Moreover, the maxima D/B value of K+ is 196 in the 0.1-0.18. mu m size range, revealing that the beehive firework aerosols are rich in Cl-, K+, and Mg2+ ions.