Active Control of Epithelial Cell-Density Gradients Grown Along the Channel of an Organic Electrochemical Transistor

Complex patterning of the extracellular matrix, cells, and tissues under in situ electronic control is the aim of the technique presented here. The distribution of epithelial cells along the channel of an organic electrochemical transistor is shown to be actively controlled by the gate and drain voltages, as electrochemical gradients are formed along the transistor channel when the device is biased. [GRAPHICS] .