Journal
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
Volume 23, Issue 40, Pages 5019-5026Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201300099
Keywords
bulk heterojunction solar cells; small molecules; film morphology
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Funding
- Center for Energy Efficient Materials, an Energy Frontier Research Center
- Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the US Department of Energy [DE-DC0001009]
- National Science Foundation [DMR-1035480, DGE-1144085, DMR-0856060]
- MRSEC Program of the National Science Foundation [DMR05-20415]
- Division Of Materials Research
- Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien [0856060] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Morphological control over the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) microstructure of a high-efficiency small molecule photovoltaic system is demonstrated using both thermal treatment and solvent additive processing. Single crystal X-ray diffraction is utilized to understand molecular interactions in the solid state and the BHJ morphology is examined using bright field, high-resolution, and cross-section transmission electron microscopy techniques. Controlling the domain size, while maintaining good molecular order within the semiconducting donor material, is found to be crucial in achieving high performance and over 90% internal quantum efficiency exhibited under the optimized conditions.
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