Journal
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
Volume 22, Issue 23, Pages 5010-5019Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201201223
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Funding
- EPSRC [EP/F065884/1]
- European Community [246124]
- EPSRC [EP/F065884/1, EP/G049653/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/F065884/1, EP/G049653/1] Funding Source: researchfish
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A simple strategy is presented to determine the pore-filling fraction of the hole-conductor 2,2-7,7-tetrakis-N,N-di-pmethoxyphenylamine-9,9-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD) into mesoporous photoanodes in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (ss-DSCs). Based on refractive index determination by the film's reflectance spectra and using effective medium approximations the volume fractions of the constituent materials can be extracted, hence the pore-filling fraction quantified. This non-destructive method can be used with complete films and does not require detailed model assumptions. Pore-filling fractions of up to 80% are estimated for optimized solid-state DSC photoanodes, which is higher than that previously estimated by indirect methods. Additionally, transport and recombination lifetimes as a function of the pore-filling fraction are determined using photovoltage and photocurrent decay measurements. While extended electron lifetimes are observed with increasing pore-filling fractions, no trend is found in the transport kinetics. The data suggest that a pore-filling fraction of greater than 60% is necessary to achieve optimized performance in ss-DSCs. This degree of pore-filling is even achieved in 5 mu m thick mesoporous photoanodes. It is concluded that pore-filling is not a limiting factor in the fabrication of thick ss-DSCs with spiro-OMeTAD as the hole-conductor.
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