Journal
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
Volume 21, Issue 9, Pages 1657-1665Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201002014
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Funding
- US Department of Energy EERE Solar America Initiative [DE-FG36-08GO18018]
- U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [DE-AC52-07NA27344]
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Organic bulk-heterojunction solar cells are being developed as a low-cost alternative to inorganic photovoltaics. A key step to producing high-effi ciency bulk-heterojunction devices is fi lm curing using either heat or a solvent atmosphere. All of the literature examining the curing process have assumed that improvement of the bulk-heterojunction morphology is the reason for the increased fi lling factor, short-circuit current density, and effi ciency following heat or solvent treatment. We show in this article that heat treatment causes the donor polymer (P3HT) and polymer electrode (PEDOT: PSS) to mix physically to form an interface layer. This interface layer is composed of a mixture of P3HT and PSS in which the P3HT is oxidized to P3HT +. This mixed layer affects the open-circuit voltage and compensation voltage by limiting the dark current. This result implies that a simplistic description of the P3HT/PEDOT: PSS contact as a sharp interface between bulk P3HT and bulk PEDOT: PSS cannot adequately capture its electrical characteristics.
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