Journal
ACTA PAEDIATRICA
Volume 100, Issue 6, Pages 851-860Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02235.x
Keywords
Hypogonadism; Klinefelter syndrome; XXXXY syndrome; XXXY syndrome; XXYY syndrome
Categories
Funding
- Bonfils-Stanton Foundation
- Weckbaugh Foundation
- XXYY Project
- Children's Hospital Research Institute
- University of Colorado CCTSI and IDDRC
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Sex chromosome tetrasomy and pentasomy conditions occur in 1:18 000-1:100 000 male births. While often compared with 47,XXY/Klinefelter syndrome because of shared features including tall stature and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, 48,XXYY, 48,XXXY and 49,XXXXY syndromes are associated with additional physical findings, congenital malformations, medical problems and psychological features. While the spectrum of cognitive abilities extends much higher than originally described, developmental delays, cognitive impairments and behavioural disorders are common and require strong treatment plans. Future research should focus on genotype-phenotype relationships and the development of evidence-based treatments. Conclusion: The more complex physical, medical and psychological phenotypes of 48,XXYY, 48,XXXY and 49,XXXXY syndromes make distinction from 47,XXY important; however, all of these conditions share features of hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and the need for increased awareness, biomedical research and the development of evidence-based treatments.
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