Self-harm in a mixed clinical population: The roles of self-criticism, shame, and social rank

Objectives. This study explored the relationship of forms and functions of self-criticism, shame, and social rank variables to self-harm, depression, and anxiety. Design. The study used a questionnaire design. Method. In-patients and day-patients (N = 73) completed a series of questionnaires measuring self-harm, mood, self-criticism, shame, and social comparison. Results. Self-harm was significantly associated with forms and functions of self-criticism, shame, and feelings of inferiority (low social rank). The self-persecuting function of self-criticism was especially linked to self-harm, depression, and anxiety. Conclusions. This study adds to a growing literature on the importance of recognizing the pathogenic effects of negative self-critical thoughts and feelings about the self and the value of distinguishing different types of self-criticism.