Journal
PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Volume 49, Issue 8, Pages 944-949Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.036
Keywords
Hope; Hope theory; Locus-of-hope; Individualism; Collectivism; Models of agency
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Research using hope theory has shown that individual differences in trait hope explain variations in how people attain their goals. But hope theory seems to assume that goal attainment is a purely individual pursuit. In this study, hope theory was extended to include the locus-of-hope dimension, with both internal and external agency in generating plans for pursuing goals. External agents may be one's family, peers, or a supernatural/spiritual being. The locus-of-hope dimensions were defined and validated in two studies with Filipino university students. Study 1 used confirmatory factor analysis to test hypothesized models of the locus-of-hope dimension. Study 2 used confirmatory factor analysis to further validate the model, then used regression analysis to show that the internal and external locus-of-hope dimensions were associated with individual-level individualism and collectivism, respectively. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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