Journal
ACTA MATERIALIA
Volume 57, Issue 17, Pages 5093-5106Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2009.07.010
Keywords
Long-term creep; Tempered martensite ferritic steels; Microstructure; Subgrains; Carbides
Funding
- International Max Planck Research School SurMat (Surface and Interface Engineering in Advanced Materials, IMPRS SurMat)
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In the present study we investigate the evolution of the microstructure of a 12% Cr tempered martensite ferritic steel under conditions of long-term aging and creep (823 K, 120 MPa, t(R) = 139,971 h). We show how subgrains coarsen, that the close correlation between carbides and subgrain boundaries loosens during long-term creep and that the frequency of small-angle boundaries increases. All these elementary deformation processes have been discussed in short-term creep studies. The present study shows that they also govern long-term creep. However, during long-term creep, precipitation and coarsening reactions occur that are not observed during short-term creep. Three types of particles (M23C6, VX and Laves-phase) were identified after long-term creep. M23C6 particles coarsen at constant volume fraction and establish their equilibrium concentration after 51,072 h; VX particles are stable; and the Laves-phase particles never reach thermodynamic equilibrium. (C) 2009 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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