Journal
JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
Volume 120, Issue 1, Pages 33-45Publisher
AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC
DOI: 10.1037/a0021133
Keywords
gene-environment interaction; dopamine transporter gene; maternal parenting; conduct disorder
Funding
- NIDA NIH HHS [RL1 DA024853] Funding Source: Medline
- NIMH NIH HHS [R01 MH053554, R01-MH053554, R01 MH053554-05] Funding Source: Medline
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Mounting evidence suggests that genetic risks for mental disorders often interact with the social environment, but most studies still ignore environmental moderation of genetic influences. The authors tested interactions between maternal parenting and the variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in the 3' untranslated region of the dopamine transporter gene in the child to increase understanding of gene environment interactions involving early parenting. Participants were part of a 9-year longitudinal study of 4- to 6-year-old children who met criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and demographically matched controls. Maternal parenting was observed during standard mother child interactions in Wave I. The child's conduct disorder (CD) symptoms 5-8 years later were measured using separate structured diagnostic interviews of the mother and youth. Controlling for ADHD symptoms and child disruptive behavior during the mother child interaction, there was a significant inverse relation between levels of both positive and negative parenting at 4-6 years and the number of later CD symptoms, but primarily among children with 2 copies of the 9-repeat allele of the VNTR. The significant interaction with negative parenting was replicated in parent and youth reports of CD symptoms separately.
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