Journal
ACTA BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA SINICA
Volume 45, Issue 4, Pages 241-258Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gms122
Keywords
innate immunity; endosomal nucleic acid-sensing toll-like receptor; danger signal; compartmentalization; signaling pathway
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Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [30871884]
- National High Technology Research and Development Program of China [2011AA10A211]
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Foreign nucleic acids, the essential signature molecules of invading pathogens that act as danger signals for host cells, are detected by endosomal nucleic acid-sensing toll-like receptors (TLRs) 3, 7, 8, 9, and 13. These TLRs have evolved to recognize non-self nucleic acids within endosomal compartments and rapidly initiate innate immune responses to ensure host protection through induction of type I interferons, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and co-stimulatory molecules and maturation of immune cells. In this review, we highlight our understanding of the recognition of pathogen-associated nucleic acids and activation of corresponding signaling pathways through endosomal nucleic acid-sensing TLRs 3, 7, 8, 9, and 13 for an enormous diversity of pathogens, with particular emphasis on their compartmentalization, intracellular trafficking, proteolytic cleavage, autophagy, and regulatory programs.
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