Journal
ACS NANO
Volume 8, Issue 10, Pages 10640-10654Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/nn5041922
Keywords
perovskite; chloride; crystallization mechanism; planar heterojunction; electron diffraction
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Funding
- State of Washington through the University of Washington Clean Energy Institute
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research [FA9550-09-1-0426]
- Asian Office of Aerospace RD [FA2386-11-1-4072]
- Office of Naval Research [N00014-14-1-246]
- Boeing Foundation
- National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship [DGE-1256082]
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A comprehensive morphological study was used to elucidate chloride's role in CH3NH3PbI3-Cl-x(x) film evolution on a conducting polymer, PEDOT:PSS. Complex ion equilibria and aggregation in solution, as well as the role they play in nucleation, are found to ultimately be responsible for the unique morphological diversity observed in perovskite films grown in the presence of the chloride ion. An intermediate phase that is generated upon deposition and initial annealing templates continued self-assembly in the case of CH3NH3PbI3-Cl-x(x). In the absence of chloride, the film growth of CH3NH3PbI3 is directed by substrate interfacial energy. By employing the through-plane TEM analysis, we gain detailed insight into the unique crystallographic textures, grain structures, and elemental distributions across the breadth of films grown from precursor solutions with different chemistries. The lattice coherence seen in morphologies generated under the influence of chloride provides a physical rational for the enhancement in carrier diffusion length and lifetime.
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