Journal
ACS NANO
Volume 5, Issue 4, Pages 3059-3068Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/nn200163w
Keywords
nanosilver; Laser-SNMS; TOF-SIMS; confocal Raman microscopy; oxidative stress; protein carbonyls
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Funding
- Alexander von Humboldt Foundation
- Max-Planck-Society
- Federal Ministry of Education and Research
- Federal Institute of Risk Assessment
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
- Swiss National Science Foundation
- NCCR Nanoscience
- University of Potsdam
- Free University of Berlin
- Fond der Chemischen Industrie
- MPI of Colloids and Interfaces (Colloid Chemistry Department)
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Silver nanoparticles (SNP) are the subject of worldwide commercialization because of their antimicrobial effects. Yet only little data on their mode of action exist. Further, only few techniques allow for visualization and quantification of unlabeled nanoparticles inside cells. To study SNP of different sizes and coatings within human macrophages, we introduce a novel laser postionization secondary neutral mass spectrometry (Laser-SNMS) approach and prove this method superior to the widely applied confocal Raman and transmission electron microscopy. With time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) we further demonstrate characteristic fingerprints in the lipid pattern of the cellular membrane indicative of oxidative stress and membrane fluidity changes. Increases of protein carbonyl and heme oxygenase-1 levels in treated cells confirm the presence of oxidative stress biochemically. Intriguingly, affected phagocytosis reveals as highly sensitive end point of SNP-mediated adversity In macrophages. The cellular responses monitored are. hierarchically linked, but follow individual kinetics and are partially reversible.
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