Journal
ACS NANO
Volume 3, Issue 4, Pages 819-827Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/nn8007788
Keywords
electrochemical microscopy; SECM; electrochemical atomic-force microscopy AFM/SECM; tip-attached redox mediator/electrochemical atomic-force; microscopy; Tarm/AFM-SECM; redox-functionalized AFM tips
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This paper presents the first steps toward the development of anew type of high-resolution AFM-SECM microscopy which relies on the use of tip-attached redox-labeled polymer chains as mediators to probe the local electrochemical reactivity of a planar substrate at the nanoscale. Submicrometer-sized combined gold AFM-SECM probes were functionalized by linear, nanometer-sized, flexible, PEG(340)0 chains bearing a ferrocene (Fc) redox label at their free end. Analysis of the force and current approach curves recorded when such Fc-PEGylated probes (tips) were approached to a bare gold substrate allowed the presence of the Fc-PEG chains at the very tip end of the combined probes to be specifically demonstrated. It also allowed the chain coverage, configuration, and dynamics to be determined. When the Fc-PEGylated probe is positioned some similar to 5 nm above the substrate, only a few hundred chains are actually electrochemically contacting the surface, thus reducing the size of the tip-substrate interaction area to 20-40 min. Most importantly, we have shown that the tip-borne PEG chains are flexible enough to allow their Fc heads to efficiently sense locally the electrochemical reactivity of the substrate, thus validating the working principle of the new AFM-SECM microscopy we propose. This innovative microscopy, we label Tarm (for tip-attached redox mediator)/AFM-SECM, should be particularly suitable for probing the activity of slowly functioning nanometer-sized active sites on surfaces, such as individual enzyme molecules, because it is, by design, free of the diffusional constraints which hamper the characterization of such nanosystems by classical SECM.
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