Journal
ACS CHEMICAL BIOLOGY
Volume 9, Issue 2, Pages 383-389Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/cb4008265
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Funding
- MINECO [CTQ2011-27268]
- Department of Industry of the Basque Country [ETOR-TEK2011]
- Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, MICINN [CTQ2008-04638]
- Dutch Technology Foundation (STW) [10622]
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Galactofuranose (Galf) is the five-membered ring form of galactose exclusively found in nonmammalian species, among which several are pathogens. To determine the putative role of this carbohydrate in host pathogen interactions, we synthesized multivalent gold nanoparticles carrying Galf (Galf-GNPs) and show that they are recognized by the EB-A2 antibody, which is widely used to detect Galf-containing galactomannan in the serum of Aspergillosis patients. We demonstrated that human monocyte-derived dendritic cells bound Galf-GNPs via interaction with the lectin DC-SIGN. Moreover, interaction of dendritic cells with Galf-GNPs resulted in increased expression of several maturation markers on these cells and induced secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-alpha. These data indicate that Galf is able to modulate the innate immune response via dendritic cells. In conclusion, Galf-GNPs are a versatile tool that can be applied in multiple functional studies to gain a better understanding of the role of Galf in host-pathogen interaction.
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