Journal
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
Volume 4, Issue 8, Pages 4078-4086Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/am300852a
Keywords
nanofibrillated cellulose; bacterial cellulose; resin infusion; nanocomposites; mechanical properties
Funding
- UK Engineering and Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC) [EP/F032005/1]
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland
- Imperial College London
- EPSRC [EP/F032005/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/F032005/1] Funding Source: researchfish
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This work investigates the surface and bulk properties of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and bacterial cellulose (BC), as well as their reinforcing ability in polymer nanocomposites. BC possesses higher critical surface tension of 57 mN m(-1) compared to NFC (41 mN m(-1)). The thermal degradation temperature in both nitrogen and air atmosphere of BC was also found to be higher than that of NFC. These results are in good agreement with the higher crystallinity of BC as determined by XRD, measured to be 71% for BC as compared to NFC of 41%. Nanocellulose papers were prepared from BC and NFC. Both papers possessed similar tensile moduli and strengths of 12 GPa and 110 MPa, respectively. Nanocomposites were manufactured by impregnating the nanocellulose paper with an epoxy resin using vacuum assisted resin infusion. The cellulose reinforced epoxy nanocomposites had a stiffness and strength of approximately similar to 8 GPa and similar to 100 MPa at an equivalent fiber volume fraction of 60 vol.-%. In terms of the reinforcing ability of NFC and BC in a polymer matrix, no significant difference between NFC and BC was observed.
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