Isotopes in cultural heritage: present and future possibilities

This paper is focused on methodology and scientific interpretations by use of isotopes in heritage science-what can be done today, and what may be accomplished in the near future? Generally, isotopic compositions could be used to set time constraints on processes and manufacturing of objects (e.g. the C-14 technique). Furthermore, isotopic compositions (e.g. Sr and Pb isotopes) are useful for tracing the origin of a component or a metal. The concepts isotope and isotopic fractionation are explained, and the use of stable respectively radioactive isotopes is exemplified. Elements which today have a large potential in heritage research are reviewed, and some recent and less known applications from the literature are summarized. Useful types of mass spectrometers are briefly described, and the need for reliable standards as well as accurate measurements and corrections is stressed. In future, further chemical elements may be utilized for isotope studies in heritage science, and possible candidates are discussed. The paper may in particular be valuable to readers less acquainted with the use of isotopic measurements. The many examples from referenced papers and also results from the authors' studies in this field may inspire imaginative and inquisitive scientists to try new applications utilizing isotope data in heritage science.