Improving the Performance of Inverted Formamidinium Tin Iodide Perovskite Solar Cells by Reducing the Energy-Level Mismatch

A new hole-transport layer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) with intercalated polyethylene glycol (PEG), was introduced into Pb-free inverted formamidinium tin triiodide (FASnI(3)) perovskite solar cells to reduce the energy-level mismatch between FASnI(3) and PEDOT:PSS. Intercalation of PEG into the PEDOT:PSS enhanced the power conversion efficiency from 2.01 to 5.12% in the forward scan and resulted in high reproducibility. The device based on PEG-PEDOT:PSS showed a reduced hysteresis and a stabilized efficiency of 4.91%. Finally, the devices with the new hole-transport layer retained more than 90 and 95% of their initial power conversion efficiencies upon storage in, respectively, an ambient environment for 4 h and a N-2 environment for 30 days. These findings suggest that this new material will facilitate the development of environmentally friendly Pb-free perovskite solar cells for real-world applications.