Energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the life cycle of LTCC substrates based on small batch production

Life cycle inventory (LCI) data of three low-temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) materials of a small batch production were determined and compared. The main focus was on the measurement and calculation of the energy consumption and the green house gas emissions of the manufacturing steps from the green tape to the co-fired substrate, and on the transport. The co-firing process was performed with two different furnace types and turned out to have by far the highest environmental impact.