Clues about the scarcity of stripped-envelope stars from the evolutionary state of the sdO plus Be binary system φ Persei

Stripped-envelope stars form in binary systems after losing mass through Roche-lobe overflow. They bear astrophysical significance as sources of UV and ionizing radiation in older stellar populations and, if sufficiently massive, as stripped supernova progenitors. Binary evolutionary models predict that they are common, but only a handful of subdwarfs with B-type companions are known. The question is whether a large population of such systems has evaded detection as a result of biases, or whether the model predictions are wrong. We reanalyze the well-studied post-interaction binary ' Persei. Recently, new data have improved the orbital solution of the system, which contains an similar to 1.2 M fi stripped-envelope star and a rapidly rotating similar to 9.6 M fi Be star. We compare with an extensive grid of evolutionary models using a Bayesian approach and constrain the initial masses of the progenitor to 7 : 2 similar to 0 : 4 M fi for the stripped star and 3 : 8 similar to 0 : 4 M fi for the Be star. The system must have evolved through near-conservative mass transfer. These findings are consistent with earlier studies. The age we obtain, 57 similar to 9 Myr, is in excellent agreement with the age of the ff Persei cluster. We note that neither star was initially massive enough to produce a core-collapse supernova, but mass exchange pushed the Be star above the mass threshold. We find that the subdwarf is overluminous for its mass by almost an order of magnitude, compared to the expectations for a helium core burning star. We can only reconcile this if the subdwarf resides in a late phase of helium shell burning, which lasts only 2-3% of the total lifetime as a subdwarf. Assuming continuous star formation implies that up to similar to 50 less evolved, dimmer subdwarfs exist for each system similar to ' Persei, but have evaded detection so far. Our findings can be interpreted as a strong indication that a substantial population of stripped-envelope stars indeed exists, but has so far evaded detection because of observational biases and lack of large-scale systematic searches.