Journal
MICROBIOLOGYOPEN
Volume 7, Issue 6, Pages -Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.616
Keywords
aerobic granular sludge; ammonium-oxidizing bacteria; amyloid; extracellular polymeric substances; glycoproteins
Categories
Funding
- SIAM Gravitation [024.002.002]
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research
- Marie Curie Intra European Fellowship [PIEF-GA-2012-326705]
- 7th European Community Framework Programme
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A new type of structural extracellular polymers (EPS) was extracted from aerobic granular sludge dominated by ammonium-oxidizing bacteria. It was analyzed by Raman and FTIR spectroscopy to characterize specific amino acids and protein secondary structure, and by SDS-PAGE with different stains to identify different glycoconjugates. Its intrinsic fluorescence was captured to visualize the location of the extracted EPS in the nitrifying granules, and its hydrogel-forming property was studied by rheometry. The extracted EPS is abundant with cross ss-sheet secondary structure, contains glycosylated proteins/polypeptides, and rich in tryptophan. It forms hydrogel with high mechanical strength. The extraction and discovery of glycosylated proteins and/or amyloids further shows that conventionally used extraction and characterization techniques are not adequate for the study of structural extracellular polymers in biofilms and/or granular sludge. Confirming amyloids secondary structure in such a complex sample is challengeable due to the possibility of amyloids glycosylation and self-assembly. A new definition of extracellular polymers components which includes glycosylated proteins and a better approach to studying them is required to stimulate biofilm research.
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