Journal
LANCET DIABETES & ENDOCRINOLOGY
Volume 6, Issue 5, Pages 361-369Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30051-2
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Funding
- Swedish Research Council
- European Research Council
- Vinnova
- Academy of Finland
- Novo Nordisk Foundation
- Scania University Hospital
- Sigrid Juselius Foundation
- Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking
- Vasa Hospital district
- Jakobstadsnejden Heart Foundation
- Folkhalsan Research Foundation
- Ollqvist Foundation
- Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research
- European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes [Lilly 2015_3] Funding Source: researchfish
- Novo Nordisk Fonden [NNF14OC0009819, NNF15OC0016444, NNF16OC0021480, NNF17OC0026936] Funding Source: researchfish
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Background Diabetes is presently classified into two main forms, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, but type 2 diabetes in particular is highly heterogeneous. A refined classification could provide a powerful tool to individualise treatment regimens and identify individuals with increased risk of complications at diagnosis. Methods We did data-driven cluster analysis (k-means and hierarchical clustering) in patients with newly diagnosed diabetes (n=8980) from the Swedish All New Diabetics in Scania cohort. Clusters were based on six variables (glutamate decarboxylase antibodies, age at diagnosis, BMI, HbA(1c), and homoeostatic model assessment 2 estimates of beta-cell function and insulin resistance), and were related to prospective data from patient records on development of complications and prescription of medication. Replication was done in three independent cohorts: the Scania Diabetes Registry (n=1466), All New Diabetics in Uppsala (n=844), and Diabetes Registry Vaasa (n=3485). Cox regression and logistic regression were used to compare time to medication, time to reaching the treatment goal, and risk of diabetic complications and genetic associations. Findings We identified five replicable clusters of patients with diabetes, which had significantly different patient characteristics and risk of diabetic complications. In particular, individuals in cluster 3 (most resistant to insulin) had significantly higher risk of diabetic kidney disease than individuals in clusters 4 and 5, but had been prescribed similar diabetes treatment. Cluster 2 (insulin deficient) had the highest risk of retinopathy. In support of the clustering, genetic associations in the clusters differed from those seen in traditional type 2 diabetes. Interpretation We stratified patients into five subgroups with differing disease progression and risk of diabetic complications. This new substratification might eventually help to tailor and target early treatment to patients who would benefit most, thereby representing a first step towards precision medicine in diabetes.
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