Sodium metavanadate induced cognitive decline, behavioral impairments, oxidative stress and down regulation of myelin basic protein in mice hippocampus: Ameliorative roles of β-spinasterol, and stigmasterol

Introduction: Exposures to toxic levels of vanadium and soluble vanadium compounds cause behavioral impairments and neurodegeneration via free radical production, Consequently, natural antioxidant sources have been explored for effective and cheap remedy following toxicity. Grewia carpinifolia has been shown to improve behavioral impairments in vanadium-induced neurotoxicity, however, the active compounds implicated remains unknown. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate ameliorative effects of bioactive compounds from G. carpinifolia on memory and behavioral impairments in vanadium-induced neurotoxicity. Methods: Sixty BALB/c mice were equally divided into five groups (A-E). A (control); dministered distilled water, B (standard); administered alpha-tocopherol (500 mg/kg) every 72 hr orally with daily dose of sodium metavanadate (3 mg/kg) intraperito neally, test groups C, and D; received single oral dose of 100 mu g beta-spinasterol or stigmasterol (bioactive compounds from G. carpinifolia), respectively, along with sodium metavanadate and the model group E, received sodium metavanadate only for seven consecutive days. Memory, locomotion and muscular strength were accessed using Morris water maze, Open field and hanging wire tests. In vivo antioxidant and neuro-protective activities were evaluated by measuring catalase, superoxide dismutase, MDA, H(2)O2, and myelin basic protein (MBP) expression in the hippocampus. Results: In Morris water maze, stigmasterol significantly (p <= 0.05) decreased escape latency and increased swimming time in target quadrant (28.01 +/- 0.02; 98.24 +/- 17.38 s), respectively, better than alpha-tocopherol (52.43 +/- 13.25; 80.32 +/- 15.21) and beta-spinasterol (42.09 +/- 14.27; 70.91 +/- 19.24) in sodium metavanadate-induced memory loss (112.31 +/- 9.35; 42.35 +/- 11.05). beta-Spinasterol and stigmasterol significantly increased exploration and latency in open field and hanging wire tests respectively. Stigmasterol also increased activities of antioxidant enzymes, decreased oxidative stress markers and lipid peroxidation in mice hippocampal homogenates, and increased MBP expression. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate a potential for stigmasterol, a bioactive compound from G. carpinifolia in improving cognitive decline, motor coordination, and ameliorating oxidative stress in vanadium-induced neurotoxicity.