Journal
NANO ENERGY
Volume 49, Issue -, Pages 538-548Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.04.077
Keywords
Nickel-rich cathodes; Calcination temperature; Cycling stability; Micro-strain; Crack formation; Lithium-ion batteries
Categories
Funding
- Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Vehicle Technologies of the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) [DE-AC02-05CH11231, 18769]
- DOE's Office of Biological and Environmental Research at PNNL
- DOE [DE-AC05-76RL01830]
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High energy density, nickel (Ni)-rich, layered LiNixMnyCozO2 (NMC, x >= 0.6) materials are promising cathodes for lithium-ion batteries. However, several technical challenges, such as fast capacity fading and high voltage instability, hinder their large-scale application. Herein, we identified an optimum calcining temperature range for the Ni-rich cathode LiNi0.76Mn0.14Co0.10O2 (NMC76). NMC76 calcined at 750-775 degrees C exhibits a high discharge capacity (similar to 215 mAh g(-1) when charged to 4.5 V) and retains ca. 79% of its initial capacity after 200 cycles. It also exhibits an excellent high-rate capability, delivering a capacity of more than 160 mAh g(-1) even at a 10 C rate. The high performance of NMC76 is directly related to the optimized size of its primary particles (100-300 nm) (which constitute the spherical secondary particles of >10 mu m) and cation mixing. Higher calcination temperature (>= 800 degrees C) leads to rapid increase of primary particle size, poor cycling stability, and inferior rate capability of NMC76 due to severe micro-strain and -crack formation upon repeated lithium-ion de/intercalations. Therefore, NMC76 calcined at 750-775 degrees C is a very good candidate for the next generation of Li ion batteries.
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