Journal
HEART FAILURE CLINICS
Volume 14, Issue 1, Pages 1-+Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2017.08.001
Keywords
Proenkephalin; PENK; Heart failure; Delta-opioid receptor; Enkephalin; Renal function
Categories
Funding
- John and Lucille van Geest Foundation
- British Heart Foundation [FS/15/10/31223]
- British Heart Foundation [FS/12/30/29474] Funding Source: researchfish
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The opioid system is activated in heart failure, which may be cardioprotective but also may be counterregulatory. Recently, systemic proenkephalin activation has been investigated in various conditions predicting mortality and kidney injury. In acute heart failure, proenkephalin independently predicts mortality and heart failure rehospitalization in addition to traditional risk markers. It also predicts worsening renal function, increasingly recognized as an important risk predictor for poor outcome in heart failure. This article explores the role of enkephalins and delta-opioid receptors in the heart, then reviews studies measuring proenkephalin levels in the circulation and their associations with prognosis.
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