List Decoding of Polar Codes

We describe a successive-cancellation list decoder for polar codes, which is a generalization of the classic successive-cancellation decoder of Arikan. In the proposed list decoder, L decoding paths are considered concurrently at each decoding stage, where L is an integer parameter. At the end of the decoding process, the most likely among the L paths is selected as the single codeword at the decoder output. Simulations show that the resulting performance is very close to that of maximum-likelihood decoding, even for moderate values of L. Alternatively, if a genie is allowed to pick the transmitted codeword from the list, the results are comparable with the performance of current state-of-the-art LDPC codes. We show that such a genie can be easily implemented using simple CRC precoding. The specific list-decoding algorithm that achieves this performance doubles the number of decoding paths for each information bit, and then uses a pruning procedure to discard all but the L most likely paths. However, straightforward implementation of this algorithm requires Omega(Ln(2)) time, which is in stark contrast with the O(n log n) complexity of the original successive-cancellation decoder. In this paper, we utilize the structure of polar codes along with certain algorithmic transformations in order to overcome this problem: we devise an efficient, numerically stable, implementation of the proposed list decoder that takes only O(Ln log n) time and O(Ln) space.