Journal
RSC ADVANCES
Volume 8, Issue 12, Pages 6460-6470Publisher
ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY
DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13062g
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Funding
- NWO Investment Grants [91106021]
- BIG (VISTA)
- European Research Council (ERC) Starting Grant (CoNQUeST) [336454]
- Netherlands organization for scientific research NWO-TTW grant [14716]
- NWO Spinoza Grant
- ERC Adv Grant PATHFINDER [269019]
- Dutch Cancer Society Grant [KUN2009-4402]
- NWO-Vici [918.14.655]
- European Research Council (ERC) [336454] Funding Source: European Research Council (ERC)
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Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) particles are very widely used, particularly for drug delivery, including commercial clinical formulations. Adding perfluorocarbon (PFC) enables in vivo imaging and quantification of the PLGA particles through F-19 NMR, MRS or MRI. PFCs are both hydrophobic and lipophobic at the same time. This property makes their encapsulation in particles challenging, as it requires the addition of a third immiscible phase during the emulsification process. Here we explore how different parameters affect the miniemulsion formation of particles loaded with perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether (PFCE). By changing the concentration of surfactant and type of solvent, we were able to control the radius of synthesized particles, between 85-200 nm. We assessed stability and release from the particles at different pH values, showing that hydrophobic agents are released from the particles by diffusion rather than degradation. With cell experiments, we show that primary human dendritic cells take up the particles without any apparent effect, including on cell migration. In summary, the control of synthesis conditions leads to particles with sufficient PFCE encapsulation, which are suitable for drug loading and cell labeling, and do not affect cell viability or functionality. Finally, these nanoparticles can be produced at GMP-grade for clinical use.
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