4.6 Article

Afterpulsing Characteristics of Free-Running and Time-Gated Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes in 130-nm CMOS

Journal

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES
Volume 62, Issue 11, Pages 3727-3733

Publisher

IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TED.2015.2475126

Keywords

Afterpulsing; CMOS avalanche photodiode (APD); dark count rate (DCR); fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM); positron emission tomography (PET); Raman; single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD); time gating

Funding

  1. CMC Microsystems
  2. Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) ResEau Strategic Network
  3. Networks of Centres of Excellence India Canada Centre-Innovative Multidisciplinary Partnerships to Accelerate Community Transformation and Sustainability
  4. Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI)
  5. FedDev Ontario
  6. Canada Research Chair (CRC) program

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The temperature-dependent afterpulsing characteristics of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) fabricated in a standard digital 130-nm CMOS technology are described. Avalanche interarrival time statistics are analyzed to obtain the afterpulsing probabilities (APs) for 81-and 110-mu m(2) active area SPAD pixels using free running (FR) and time-gated (TG) front-end circuits. A strong reduction in AP was evident in the TG mode compared with the FR SPAD pixels. Optimal operating conditions in terms of hold-off time and temperature were found for <1% AP.

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