New activation mechanism for half-sandwich organometallic anticancer complexes

The Cp-x C-H protons in certain organometallic Rh-III half-sandwich anticancer complexes [((5)-Cp-x)Rh(N,N)Cl](+), where Cp-x = Cp*, phenyl or biphenyl-Me4Cp, and N,N = bipyridine, dimethylbipyridine, or phenanthroline, can undergo rapid sequential deuteration of all 15 Cp* methyl protons in aqueous media at ambient temperature. DFT calculations suggest a mechanism involving abstraction of a Cp* proton by the Rh-hydroxido complex, followed by sequential H/D exchange, with the Cp* rings behaving like dynamic molecular twisters'. The calculations reveal the crucial role of p orbitals of N,N-chelated ligands in stabilizing deprotonated Cp-x ligands, and also the accessibility of Rh-I-fulvene intermediates. They also provide insight into why biologically-inactive complexes such as [(Cp*)Rh-III(en)Cl](+) and [(Cp*)Ir-III(bpy)Cl](+) do not have activated Cp* rings. The thiol tripeptide glutathione (-l-Glu-l-Cys-Gly, GSH) and the activated dienophile N-methylmaleimide, (NMM) did not undergo addition reactions with the proposed Rh-I-fulvene, although they were able to control the extent of Cp* deuteration. We readily trapped and characterized Rh-I-fulvene intermediates by Diels-Alder [4+2] cyclo-addition reactions with the natural biological dienes isoprene and conjugated (9Z,11E)-linoleic acid in aqueous media, including cell culture medium, the first report of a Diels-Alder reaction of a metal-bound fulvene in aqueous solution. These findings will introduce new concepts into the design of organometallic Cp* anticancer complexes with novel mechanisms of action.