Grain Growth Control in Grain Boundary Engineered Microstructures

Grain boundary engineering (GBE) to promote degradation-resistant interfaces in the microstructure usually requires that the grain size remains small so that strength is not compromised. Aspects of grain size measurement and control will be reviewed and discussed for a variety of GBE materials such as copper, nickel, nickel-based alloys and austenitic stainless steels, particularly in the light of the high proportion of annealing twins that constitute the GBE microstructure.