Combining Multiplex SERS Nanovectors and Multivariate Analysis for In Situ Profiling of Circulating Tumor Cell Phenotype Using a Microfluidic Chip

Isolating and in situ profiling the heterogeneous molecular phenotype of circulating tumor cells are of great significance for clinical cancer diagnosis and personalized therapy. Herein, an on-chip strategy is proposed that combines size-based microfluidic cell isolation with multiple spectrally orthogonal surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) analysis for in situ profiling of cell membrane proteins and identification of cancer subpopulations. With the developed microfluidic chip, tumor cells are sieved from blood on the basis of size discrepancy. To enable multiplex phenotypic analysis, three kinds of spectrally orthogonal SERS aptamer nanovectors are designed, providing individual cells with composite spectral signatures in accordance with surface protein expression. Next, to statistically demultiplex the complex SERS signature and profile the cellular proteomic phenotype, a revised classic least square algorithm is employed to obtain the 3D phenotypic information at single-cell resolution. Combined with categorization algorithm partial least square discriminate analysis, cells from different human breast cancer subtypes can be reliably classified with high sensitivity and selectivity. The results demonstrate that this platform can identify cancer subtypes with the spectral information correlated to the clinically relevant surface receptors, which holds great potential for clinical cancer diagnosis and precision medicine.