Journal
SENSORS
Volume 18, Issue 3, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/s18030773
Keywords
malathion; gold nanoparticles; ionic liquids; organophosphorus (OP) pesticides; food safety; electrochemical sensor; direct electrochemical detection
Funding
- General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture, Livestock [TAGEM/12/AR-GE/09]
- Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey
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Malathion (MLT) is an organophosphorous type pesticide and having seriously high toxicity and electrochemical platforms for rapid, simple, inexpensive and sensitive determination of pesticides is still a special concern. This paper describes a simple preparation of a composite film consisting of ionic liquid (IL), chitosan (CS) and electrochemically synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on single use pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs). The microscopic and electrochemical characterization of AuNP-CS-IL/PGE was studied using scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. This fabricated surface was then explored for the first time as a sensing matrix for the non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing of malathion by cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry measurements. The proposed AuNP-CS-IL/PGE showed excellent characteristics and possessed remarkable affinity for malathion. The voltammetric current response exhibited two linear dynamic ranges, 0.89-5.94 nM and 5.94-44.6 nM reflecting two binding sites, with a detection limit of 0.68 nM. The method was applied in real sample analysis of apple and tomato. The results demonstrate the feasibility of AuNP-CS-IL-modified electrodes for simple, fast, ultrasensitive and inexpensive detection of MLT.
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