Journal
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
Volume 624, Issue -, Pages 900-907Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.096
Keywords
Antibiotics; Heavy metals; Soil microbes; Ammonia-oxidizing microbes; RT-PCR
Categories
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [21377075, 41671320]
- Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China [JQ201711, ZR2016JL029]
- National Science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China [2017YFD0800703]
- Special Funds of Taishan Scholar of Shandong Province, China
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The negative effects of residues from antibiotics and heavy metals in agricultural soils are becoming an increasingly frequent concern. To evaluate the toxicity and interaction of antibiotics and heavy metals, enrofloxacin (ENR) and cadmium (Cd) were used as targets to study the individual effects of ENR (0.025. 0.1,0.4 mmol/kg) and Cd (0.4 mmol/kg) and their combined effects (mole ratios of ENR to Cd of 1: 1, 1:4 and 1: 16) on soil microbial biomass and function on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 of the study. The results demonstrated that microbial populations, which were counted during 4 sampling periods, were mainly in the order of bacteria > actinomycetes > fungi. The ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) gene copies of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) were more abundant than ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) on days 14 and 21. Soil bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes numbers and amoA gene abundances of AOB and AOA in soils were inhibited to varying degrees by the single and combined effects of ENR and Cd; the higher the concentration of the treatments, the stronger the inhibition. The combined toxicity of ENR and Cd on soil microbes and AOA- and AOB-amoA genes was stronger than when either chemical was used alone; the interaction effects of ENR and Cd were mainly antagonistic. Moreover, the ratios of bacteria/fungi declined significantly on days 14, 21 and 28; the proportions of AOA- and AOB-amoA were altered with the addition of ENR and Cd. Thus, ENR and Cd had significant negative effects on the soil microbial community, especially when both contaminants were present. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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