Journal
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
Volume 636, Issue -, Pages 864-871Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.321
Keywords
Peroxymonosulfate; Sulfamethazine; Sulfonamide antibiotics; Nitrated products; Groundwater remediation
Categories
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [21607077, 51578294]
- Student Research Training Program - Nanjing Agricultural University [1613A06]
- Priority Academic Program Development (PAPD) of Jiangsu Higher Education Institute
- China Scholar Council
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Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) is increasingly used as an oxidant for in situ remediation of organic contaminants in soil and groundwater. In this study we demonstrated that sulfamethazine (SMZ) could be transformed by PMS in the absence of any activators. Such transformation was ascribed to the oxidation by PMS per se, rather than free radicals (SO4 center dot(-) or HO center dot), superoxide (O-2 center dot(-)), or singlet oxygen (O-1(2)). The aniline moiety of SMZ molecule was the reactive site for PMS oxidation, leading to the formation of nitrated products. This nitration pathway in fact played a significant role in the removal of SMZ in activated PMS oxidation processes. For instance, it contributed 26% of the total SMZ transformation, while SO4 center dot(-) contributed the other 74% during the removal of SMZ, in Co(II)/PMS oxidation process with initial PMS and Co(II) concentrations of 1.0 mM and 0.1 mu M, respectively. Similar nitration reaction also occurred to other sulfonamide antibiotics bearing an aniline moiety upon the reaction with PMS. Since nitrated sulfonamide antibiotics appear more persistent than the parent compounds and may cause other environmental problems, such a pathway should not be desired. Therefore, PMS might not be an ideal oxidant for the treatment of sulfonamide antibiotics and other compounds having aniline moieties, especially in subsurface remediation practices where efficient activation of PMS represents a major challenge. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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