Journal
ROCK MECHANICS AND ROCK ENGINEERING
Volume 52, Issue 2, Pages 495-515Publisher
SPRINGER WIEN
DOI: 10.1007/s00603-018-1499-9
Keywords
Hydraulic fracturing; Cyclic stimulation; Pulsed stimulation; Fatigue stimulation concepts; Aspo HRL
Funding
- GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences, Potsdam
- KIT Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- Nova Center for University Studies, Research and Development, Oskarshamn, Sweden
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A new advanced protocol of progressively increased cyclic injection and pulsed injection design for hydraulic fracturing experiments was implemented at 410 m depth in the Aspo Hard Rock Laboratory in Sweden. A monitoring array was installed around the tested horizontal borehole to detect the acoustic emissions and micro-seismic events during the fracturing process. The aim is to identify optimized injection schemes to reduce the seismicity related to the fracturing processes. The cyclic stimulation scheme of loading and unloading the fracturing net pressure leads to a lower accompanied seismicity if compared to the conventional hydraulic fracturing with constant flow rates. The related permeability of the tested rock interval can be increased, but this increase is less pronounced than that of the conventional treatments and, especially, if compared to the last of the re-fracturing series with high seismicity increase. Despite these limitations, in field applications with expected high risk of unwanted seismic events, this advanced protocol can be a feasible option to reduce this risk.
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