Journal
REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
Volume 89, Issue 5, Pages -Publisher
AMER INST PHYSICS
DOI: 10.1063/1.5017236
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Funding
- U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) under the Advanced Manufacturing Office, CPA [32035, 32037, 32038]
- U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration [DE-AC52-07NA27344]
- U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-AC02-76SF00515]
- Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy [DE-AC02-07CH11358]
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In situ X-ray-based measurements of the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing process produce unique data for model validation and improved process understanding. Synchrotron X-ray imaging and diffraction provide high resolution, bulk sensitive information with sufficient sampling rates to probe melt pool dynamics as well as phase and microstructure evolution. Here, we describe a laboratory-scale LPBF test bed designed to accommodate diffraction and imaging experiments at a synchrotron X-ray source during LPBF operation. We also present experimental results usingTi-6Al-4V, a widely used aerospace alloy, as a model system. Both imaging and diffraction experiments were carried out at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource. Melt pool dynamics were imaged at frame rates up to 4 kHz with a similar to 1.1 mu m effective pixel size and revealed the formation of keyhole pores along the melt track due to vapor recoil forces. Diffraction experiments at sampling rates of 1 kHz captured phase evolution and lattice contraction during the rapid cooling present in LPBF within a similar to 50 x 100 mu m area. We also discuss the utility of these measurements for model validation and process improvement. (C) 2018 Author(s).
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