Synthetic bottom-up approach reveals the complex interplay of Shigella effectors in regulation of epithelial cell death

Over the course of an infection, many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens use complex nanomachines to directly inject tens to hundreds of proteins (effectors) into the cytosol of infected host cells. These effectors rewire processes to promote bacterial replication and spread. The roles of effectors in pathogenesis have traditionally been investigated by screening for phenotypes associated with their absence, a top-down approach that can be limited, as effectors often act in a functionally redundant or additive manner. Here we describe a synthetic Escherichia coli-based bottom-up platform to conduct gain-of-function screens for roles of individual Shigella effectors in pathogenesis. As proof of concept, we screened for Shigella effectors that limit cell death induced on cytosolic entry of bacteria into epithelial cells. Using this platform, in addition to OspC3, an effector known to inhibit cell death via pyroptosis, we have identified OspD2 and IpaH1.4 as cell death inhibitors. In contrast to almost all type III effectors, OspD2 does not target a host cell process, but rather regulates the activity of the Shigella type III secretion apparatus limiting the cytosolic delivery (translocation) of effectors during an infection. Remarkably, by limiting the translocation of a single effector, VirA, OspD2 controls the timing of epithelial cell death via calpain-mediated necrosis. Together, these studies provide insight into the intricate manner by which Shigella effectors interact to establish a productive intracytoplasmic replication niche before the death of infected epithelial cells.