Journal
PLANT DISEASE
Volume 102, Issue 9, Pages 1811-1819Publisher
AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-07-17-1028-RE
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Funding
- National Key Research and Development Program of China [2016YFD0201122]
- China Agriculture Research System [CARS-28]
- Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Graduate Student Innovation Program of Qingdao Agricultural University [QYC201507]
- Taishan Scholar Construction Project of Shandong Province
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Phytophthora fruit rot. caused by Phytophthora cactorum, is an important disease of apple in China, often causing more than 50% fruit rot in rainy years. We examined the effects of temperature and moisture on the development of the disease and effects of the variables on zoospore release and germination, infection, and lesion development. In vitro, a temperature range of 5 to 20 degrees C had no significant effects on zoospore release dynamics but did significantly affect the quantities of released zoospores. The largest quantity of zoospores was released at 9.9 degrees C according to a fitted model. Zoosporangia released zoospores within 15 min at the test temperatures (0 to 20 degrees C), which peaked at the fourth hour. Zoospores germinated in vitro, requiring free water, at temperatures from 5 to 35 degrees C. The optimum germination temperature was 25, 1 degrees C according to a fitted model. The minimum wetness duration required for zoospores to complete the infection process and induce visible lesions on Fuji fruit was 0(+)40 h at the optimal temperature of 23.0 degrees C according to the fitted model, whereas observed values were 4.5, 1.5, 0.5, 1.5 and 8.5 h at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 degrees C, respectively. The number of zoospore infections on fruit at various temperatures and wetness durations were well fitted by the modified Weibull model; based on the model, the optimal temperature for zoospore infections was 23.0 degrees C. Young apple fruit infected by zoospores developed visible lesions from 10 to 30 degrees C, with a predicted optimum of 23.5 degrees C; no lesions developed at 5 or 35 degrees C. The shortest incubation period of the disease was 4 days. These results can be used to develop disease forecasting models for improved fungicide control.
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