The paths and timing of late Paleozoic ice revisited: New stratigraphic and paleo-ice flow interpretations from a glacial succession in the upper Itarare Group (Parana Basin, Brazil)

This paper examines a glacial diamictite-bearing succession from the upper Itarare Group (Taciba Formation) in eastern Parana Basin, Brazil. The object of study provides the opportunity to investigate in detail the late stages of glacial sedimentation during the Late Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA) in this sector of SW Gondwana, with implications for glacial cyclicity and regional paleo-ice flow reconstructions. Sedimentology, geological mapping and palynological analysis allowed the recognition of four facies associations, comprising subaqueous outwash, mass-transport, tide-influenced delta-front, and tide-influenced delta plain deposits. The succession records at least two episodes of ice-margin advance and retreat into a marine-influenced environment and can be placed in the earliest Permian based on the palynomorph assemblage. Cross stratification in outwash facies and deltaic deposits indicate sediment transport to the SW, the same revealed by deformational structures in mass-transport diamictites derived from downslope resedimentation of glaciomarine sediments during deglaciation. A glacial source to NE is therefore indicated and is in agreement with paleo-ice flow directions obtained from previously studied localities to the north. This north-derived early Permian glaciation contrasts with glacial sources to the SE recognized in the lower and middle intervals of the Itarare Group. The scenario suggests a geometric reconfiguration of the Parana Basin during the LPIA and the migration of ice centers with time during the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in SW Gondwana.