On object selectivity and the anatomy of the human fusiform gyrus

pFs is a functionally-defined region in the human brain that is involved in recognizing objects. A recent trend refers to pFs as the posterior fusiform sulcus, which is a neuroanatomical structure that does not exist. Here, we correct this mistake. To achieve this goal, we first recount the original definitions of pFs and then review the identification of sulci within and surrounding the fusiform gyrus (FG) including the mid-fusiform sulcus (MFS), which is a tertiary sulcus within the FG. We highlight that tertiary sulci, such as the MFS, are often absent from brain atlases, which complicates the accurate localization of functional regions, as well as the understanding of structural-functional relationships in ventral temporal cortex (VTC). When considering the location of object-selective pFs from previously published data relative to the sulci surrounding the FG, as well as the MFS, we illustrate that (1) pFs spans several macroanatomical structures, which is consistent with the original definitions of pFs (Grill-Spector et al., 1999, 2000), and (2) the topological relationship between pFs and MFS has both stable and variable features. To prevent future confusion regarding the anatomical location of functional regions within VTC, as well as to complement tools that automatically identify sulci surrounding the FG, we provide a method to automatically identify the MFS in individual brains using FreeSurfer. Finally, we highlight the benefits of using cortical surface reconstructions in large datasets to identify and quantify tertiary sulci compared to classic dissection methods because the latter often fail to differentiate tertiary sulci from shallow surface indentations produced by veins and arteries. Altogether, we propose that the inclusion of definitions and labels for tertiary sulci in neuroanatomical atlases and neuroimaging software packages will enhance understanding of functional-structural relationships throughout the human brain.