Journal
HOLOCENE
Volume 25, Issue 4, Pages 569-582Publisher
SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD
DOI: 10.1177/0959683614565953
Keywords
Chironomidae; Holocene; palaeolimnology; Retezat Mountains; temperature reconstruction
Funding
- Bolyai Scholarship [BO/00518/07, BO/00713/12/10]
- OTKA Research Fund [NF 101362]
- European Research Council (ERC) [239858]
- INTIMATE EU COST Action [COST-ES0907]
- Humboldt Foundation
- European Union
- State of Hungary
- European Social Fund [TAMOP 4.2.4. A/2-11-1-2012-0001]
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We present a Holocene summer air temperature reconstruction based on fossil chironomids from Lake Brazi (1740m.a.s.l.), a shallow mountain lake in the South Carpathians. Summer air temperature reconstruction was performed using transfer functions based on the Swiss (Sw-TF) and the merged Norwegian-Swiss calibration data set (NS-TF). Our results suggest that summer air temperatures increased rapidly from the onset of the early Holocene onwards (ca. 11,500-10,200cal. yr BP), reaching close to present July air temperatures (11.2 degrees C). Between ca. 10,200 and 8500cal. yr BP mean reconstructed temperatures increased further by 1.5-2.0 degrees C. Later on, from ca. 8500cal. yr BP, chironomid-based summer temperatures started to decrease, although mean values were still above present-day temperatures. The next time period (ca. 6000-3000cal. yr BP) was cooler and with less variable temperature conditions than earlier. Afterwards (ca. 3000-2000cal. yr BP), a sharp decrease occurred in inferred temperatures with values under present-day conditions by 1.8 degrees C. Finally, in the last 2000years, reconstructed temperatures showed again an increasing trend at Lake Brazi. Short-term temperature declines of 0.6-1.2 degrees C were observed between ca. 10,350-10,190, 9750-9500, 8700-8500, 7600-7300, 7100-6900 and 4400-4000cal. yr BP. These temperature declines are, however, within the estimated error of prediction of the chironomid-based inferences. Generally, our reconstructed temperatures complied with the summer insolation curve at 45 degrees N, with other proxy-records (i.e. pollen and diatoms) from the same sediment and with other records from the Carpathians and from Western Europe.
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