Journal
NATURE CHEMISTRY
Volume 10, Issue 6, Pages 667-672Publisher
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0045-4
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Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [51302238]
- Shenzhen Peacock Plan [KQJSCX20170331161244761, KQTD2016112915051055]
- Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province [2017A030310482]
- Shenzhen Science and Technology Planning Project [JCYJ20160122143155757, JSGG20160301173854530, JSGG20160301155933051, JSGG20160229202951528, JCYJ20170307171232348, JCYJ20170307172850024, JSGG20170413153302942]
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center Foundation [20151487]
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory Foundation [20151837]
- Scientific Equipment Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences [GJHS20170314161200165, yz201440]
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Calcium-ion batteries (CIBs) are attractive candidates for energy storage because Ca2+ has low polarization and a reduction potential (-2.87 V versus standard hydrogen electrode, SHE) close to that of Li+ (-3.04 V versus SHE), promising a wide voltage window for a full battery. However, their development is limited by difficulties such as the lack of proper cathode/anode materials for reversible Ca2+ intercalation/de-intercalation, low working voltages (<2 V), low cycling stability, and especially poor room-temperature performance. Here, we report a CIB that can work stably at room temperature in a new cell configuration using graphite as the cathode and tin foils as the anode as well as the current collector. This CIB operates on a highly reversible electrochemical reaction that combines hexafluorophosphate intercalation/de-intercalation at the cathode and a Ca-involved alloying/de-alloying reaction at the anode. An optimized CIB exhibits a working voltage of up to 4.45 V with capacity retention of 95% after 350 cycles.
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