Journal
NATURE CELL BIOLOGY
Volume 20, Issue 3, Pages 307-+Publisher
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0039-x
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Funding
- Leverhulme Trust
- Hertie Foundation
- Wings for Life
- DFG
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London
- European Research Council
- Minerva Foundation
- Israel Science Foundation
- British Heart Foundation
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre
- British Heart Foundation [RG/13/11/30384, PG/16/70/32310] Funding Source: researchfish
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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to tissue damage and remodelling mediated by the inflammatory response after injury. Here we show that ROS, which promote axonal dieback and degeneration after injury, are also required for axonal regeneration and functional recovery after spinal injury. We find that ROS production in the injured sciatic nerve and dorsal root ganglia requires CX3CR1-dependent recruitment of inflammatory cells. Next, exosomes containing functional NADPH oxidase 2 complexes are released from macrophages and incorporated into injured axons via endocytosis. Once in axonal endosomes, active NOX2 is retrogradely transported to the cell body through an importin-beta 1-dynein-dependent mechanism. Endosomal NOX2 oxidizes PTEN, which leads to its inactivation, thus stimulating PI3K-phosporylated (p-) Akt signalling and regenerative outgrowth. Challenging the view that ROS are exclusively involved in nerve degeneration, we propose a previously unrecognized role of ROS in mammalian axonal regeneration through a NOX2-PI3K-p-Akt signalling pathway.
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