Ultrafast saturable absorption in TiS2 induced by non-equilibrium electrons and the generation of a femtosecond mode-locked laser

Non-equilibrium electrons induced by ultrafast laser excitation in a correlated electron material can disturb the Fermi energy as well as optical nonlinearity. Here, non-equilibrium electrons translate a semiconductor TiS2 material into a plasma to generate broad band nonlinear optical saturable absorption with a sub-picosecond recovery time of similar to 768 fs (corresponding to modulation frequencies over 1.3 THz) and a modulation response up to similar to 145%. Based on this optical nonlinear modulator, a stable femtosecond mode-locked pulse with a pulse duration of similar to 402 fs and a pulse train with a period of similar to 175.5 ns is observed in the all-optical system. The findings indicate that non-equilibrium electrons can promote a TiS2-based saturable absorber to be an ultrafast switch for a femtosecond pulse output.