Journal
MOLECULES
Volume 23, Issue 4, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040900
Keywords
broccoli; by-products; glucosinolates; carotenoid; chlorophyll; mineral; vitamins E and K; phenolic compounds; antioxidant activity
Funding
- USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Hatch project [1012506]
- West Virginia Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station [WVA00698]
- USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture [2018-67014-27469]
- Foundation of Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety [FCIC201601]
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The phytonutrient concentrations of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) florets, stems, and leaves were compared to evaluate the value of stem and leaf by-products as a source of valuable nutrients. Primary metabolites, including amino acids, organic acids, and sugars, as well as glucosinolates, carotenoids, chlorophylls, vitamins E and K, essential mineral elements, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and expression of glucosinolate biosynthesis and hydrolysis genes were quantified from the different broccoli tissues. Broccoli florets had higher concentrations of amino acids, glucoraphanin, and neoglucobrassicin compared to other tissues, whereas leaves were higher in carotenoids, chlorophylls, vitamins E and K, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity. Leaves were also good sources of calcium and manganese compared to other tissues. Stems had the lowest nitrile formation from glucosinolate. Each tissue exhibited specific core gene expression profiles supporting glucosinolate metabolism, with different gene homologs expressed in florets, stems, and leaves, which suggests that tissue-specific pathways function to support primary and secondary metabolic pathways in broccoli. This comprehensive nutrient and bioactive compound profile represents a useful resource for the evaluation of broccoli by-product utilization in the human diet, and as feedstocks for bioactive compounds for industry.
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