Gene tree discordance and coalescent methods support ancient intergeneric hybridisation between Dasymaschalon and Friesodielsia (Annonaceae)

Although hybridisation between closely related species is common and known to be important in plant evolution, hybridisation at the generic level or above is comparatively rare. We address ancient intergeneric hybridisation in the early-divergent angiosperm family Annonaceae by phylogenetic reconstruction, divergence time estimation and coalescent simulation of the genus Dasymaschalon using a multi-locus approach based on molecular data from five chloroplast (matK, psbA-trnH, ndhF, rbcL, and trnL-F) and five nuclear (ITS, ETS, AP3, PhyA, and PhyC) DNA markers. We demonstrate incongruence among different gene trees: Dasymaschalon is retrieved as monophyletic in the nuclear ribosomal tree (based on ITS and ETS), but is non-monophyletic in the chloroplast and Phy-gene trees (with poor resolution in the AP3 tree), with the majority of species assigned to a strongly supported Glade but three species (D. filipes, D. longifiontm and D. tibetense) more closely related to the sister genus Friesodielsia. Three contrasting approaches-a coalescent method based on molecular dating, incongruence pattern comparison, and a multi-accession phylogenetic reconstruction-are used to assess the patterns of this gene tree incongruence and test hypotheses of ancient hybridisation and incomplete lineage sorting. Our results support a late Miocene intergeneric hybridisation between members of the Dasymaschalon and Friesodielsia lineages in continental Asia-west Malesia.