From observations of individual behaviour to social representations of personality: Developmental pathways, attribution biases, and limitations of questionnaire methods

Socio-cognitive abilities to recognise and to represent individual-specificity-even in some nonhuman species-are central to human life. Using a novel philosophy-of-science paradigm, we explored these abilities over 3 years in 6 waves by investigating individual-specific behaviours of 104 crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and the representations that 99 human observers-experts and novices-developed of them. By applying the non-lexical Behavioural Repertoire x Environmental Situations Approach, we generated 18 macaque-specific personality constructs. They were operationalised with behavioural measures to study the macaques and with two rating formats to study the observers' representations. Analyses of reliability, cross-method coherence, taxonomic structures, associations with demographic factors, and 12-24-month stabilities highlighted essential differences between individual-specific behaviours and pertinent representations, explored developmental pathways of representations, and illuminated attribution biases and limitations of questionnaire methods. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.