m6A RNA Methylation Controls Neural Development and Is Involved in Human Diseases

RNA modifications are involved in many aspects of biological functions. N6-methyladenosine (m(6)A) is one of the most important forms of RNA methylation and plays a vital role in regulating gene expression, protein translation, cell behaviors, and physiological conditions in many species, including humans. The dynamic and reversible modification of m(6)A is conducted by three elements: methyltransferases (writers), such as methyltransferase-like protein 3 (METTL3) and METTL14; m(6)A-binding proteins (readers), such as the YTH domain family proteins (YTHDFs) and YTH domain-containing protein 1 (YTHDC1); and demethylases (erasers), such as fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) and AlkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5). In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on mapping mRNA positions of m(6)A modification and revealing molecular processes of m(6)A. We further highlight the biological significance of m(6)A modification in neural cells during development of the nervous system and its association with human diseases. m(6)A RNA methylation is becoming a new frontier in neuroscience and should help us better understand neural development and neurological diseases from a novel point of view.