Nanomaterials in fluorescent laser-based immunosensors: Review and applications

One of the most interesting approaches in the field of optical biosensors is the possibility to combine the high sensitivity of laser detection with the high selectivity provided by specific interactions. Furthermore, the addition of nanomaterials to these sensors had provided additional advantages to the development of bioanalytical system. This review aims to provide a critical perspective on these approaches and their advantages/limitations for improving the performance and detection of laser-coupled immunosensors. The report includes examples relevant to the environmental, clinical, and toxicological fields.